In 1485, with the backing of disaffected English nobles and foreign allies, Henry launched his campaign to claim the throne. He sailed from Harfleur in France and landed in Pembrokeshire, gathering support as he marched through Wales and into England. Richard III, aware of the invasion, mustered an army and marched to meet Henry near the village
Introduction The Battle of Bosworth, fought on August 22, 1485, was not merely a military engagement—it was a decisive turning point in English history. It marked the end of the Wars of the Roses, the fall of the Plantagenet dynasty, and the beginning of the Tudor era. At the heart of this conflict stood Henry Tudor, a relatively obscure Lancast
As Edward IV's loyal younger brother, Richard received titles, land, and military responsibilities. He became Duke of Gloucester in 1461 and distinguished himself as a competent military commander during the latter stages of the Wars of the Roses, notably at the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury. When Edward IV died suddenly in April 1483, Richar
Introduction Richard III remains one of England’s most controversial and enigmatic monarchs. The last king of the House of York and the final Plantagenet ruler of England, his brief reign (1483–1485) was marked by ambition, political intrigue, and a legendary fall at the Battle of Bosworth Field. Immortalized by Shakespeare as a villainous u
King Richard, upon learning of the massacre, was furious—not out of compassion, but because the killings deprived him of valuable royal revenue. He sent royal justices to punish some of the perpetrators, though little actual justice was carried out. The York massacre deeply traumatized the English Jewish community. Over the next century, condi